19 de diciembre de 2025
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[ENCUESTA OCTUBRE] ¿Usted por quien votaría para que fuera el próximo presidente de Chile?

EPCH632 mins

ENCUESTA PRESIDENCIAL EPCH – OCTUBRE 2023

Una nueva versión de la encuesta presidencial EPCH comienza con 9 opciones presidenciales, de estas 9 opciones, 8 fueron las más votadas de la encuesta del mes pasado y adicionalmente se agregó un nuevo candidato, completando así 10 opciones incluyendo la opción NULO.

¿Cómo y cuando se llevarán a cabo las próximas elecciones presidenciales?

La elección presidencial de Chile para el período 2026-2030 se llevará a cabo el domingo 23 de noviembre de 2025, junto con las elecciones parlamentarias.

En caso de que haya una segunda vuelta electoral, esta se realizará un mes después, el 21 de diciembre. Para que ocurra una segunda vuelta ningún candidato o candidata deberá superar el 50% de los votos válidamente escrutados, sin contar los nulos ni los blancos.

Si algún partido o coalición decide realizar primarias presidenciales, estas se llevarán a cabo el vigésimo domingo anterior a la elección, es decir, el 6 de julio, junto con las posibles primarias parlamentarias.

Este mes tendremos 10 opciones para votar, incluyendo la opción NULO.

Los candidatos del mes de octubre son:

Por la parte derecha tenemos a José Antonio Kast(Republicano), Evelyn Matthei(UDI) y Teresa Marinovic(Pro Republicana).

Por el centro o centro derecha está Franco Parisi(PDG) y Axel Kaiser(Independiente Libertario).

Y finalmente por la izquierda estaría Carolina Tohá(PPD), Marco Enríquez Ominami(ex PRO), Camila Vallejo(Partido Comunista), Michelle Bachelet(Socialista),

 

[ays_poll id=109]

Los resultados serán publicados semanalmente en nuestro Instagram Oficial, síguenos acá: https://www.instagram.com/epch_oficial

*La encuesta está cifrada por lo tanto el sistema solo permite votar una vez, luego de votar podrás ver los resultados en vivo.

Comparte en tus redes

63 comentarios en “[ENCUESTA OCTUBRE] ¿Usted por quien votaría para que fuera el próximo presidente de Chile?”

    2. José Antonio Kast! obvio ! después de tanto que lo confrontaron por sus ideas de seguridad y propuestas de crecimiento para mi querido Chile, después de votar por el gobierno actual, que les prometió más que un casado a su amante…ufff y empezaron con las censura nos estamos yendo a la x…

      Responder

        1. Puros fachos miserables en esta encuesta trucha, no quieren ver la realidad que el proximo presidente sera de izquierda, gracias al extraordinario gobierno del presidente Boric que se a preocupado de los mas necesitados y vulnerables, sigan aplaudiendose entre uds. Fachos miserables, inhumanos,ladrones y criminales.

          Responder

          1. Borich lo va a cambiar todo…todo lo va a cambiar Borich así veo como algunos dicen que Kast lo cambiaría todo si fuera presidente parece chiste de mal gusto es que acaso no se aburren de lo mismo siempre yo voto Parisi aunque le sigan tirando mierda… por algo será

  4. Quiero un presidente con los pantalones bien puestos ,que ponga mano dura contra los delincuentes y los extranjeros delincuentes que tanto daño nos han venido a ocasionar.
    Que pare la corrupcion y aplique mano dura con la inseguridad.
    Y PARA ESO NECESITAMOS A JOSE ANTONIO KAST

    Responder

      2. Parisi desde el 2013 viene diciendole a los chilenos las cosas que pasarian y …pasaron… sigan votando por derecha e izquierda y seguirán teniendo los mismos resultados

        Responder

      3. SABES QUIEN ES JAK, UN PERSONAJE CON IDEAS IZQUIERDISTAS.
        ¿POR QUE NO QUISO HACER UNA BUENA CONSTITUCION EN DICIEMBRE?
        MIRA EL PROGRAMA EL NACIONAL LIBERTARIO, PARA QUE CONOZCAS REALMENTE A JOHANNES KAISER

        Responder

    1. SABES QUIEN ES JAK, UN PERSONAJE CON IDEAS IZQUIERDISTAS.
      ¿POR QUE NO QUISO HACER UNA BUENA CONSTITUCION EN DICIEMBRE?
      MIRA EL PROGRAMA EL NACIONAL LIBERTARIO, PARA QUE CONOZCAS REALMENTE A JOHANNES KAISER

      Responder

    1. SABES QUIEN ES JAK, UN PERSONAJE CON IDEAS IZQUIERDISTAS.
      ¿POR QUE NO QUISO HACER UNA BUENA CONSTITUCION EN DICIEMBRE?
      MIRA EL PROGRAMA EL NACIONAL LIBERTARIO, PARA QUE CONOZCAS REALMENTE A JOHANNES KAISER

      Responder

  13. ponerse los pantalones como dicen el unico es Franco Parisi el es el unico que hara frente a los inmigrantes desde 2021 los deportaria sino vienen con visa de trabajo desde su pais d origen y los ilegales para fuera sin retorno … ademas el esta por dejar de dar dinero a la ONU asi ellos mismos nos sacan por no pagarles xq ellos no nos dan ninguna ayuda salvo a los delincuentes por los derechos humanos

    Responder

  14. Franco Parisi EL próximo Presidente de Chile . Basta de los mismos de siempre y sus intereses . Es hora que la gente pueda vivir en paz basta de las ideologías que nos tienen divididos . Es momento de ordenar la casa que nuestro País surja la economía vuelva a nuestro País y las condiciones mejoren para todos no para algunos sectores politicos ni el amigismo. Vamos Franco tu eres lo que realmente necesita este País . Por algo te atacan no les convienen que seas Presidente es así de simple . Estamos contigo fuera politicos apenados ya basta de política sucias. Franco Parisi Chile te necesita.

    Responder

    1. FRANCO PARISI NO ES DE DERECHA, EN SUS FILAS TIENE MUCHOS COMUNISTAS.

      MIRA EL PROGRAMA EL NACIONAL LIBERTARIO, PARA QUE CONOZCAS REALMENTE A JOHANNES KAISER.

      EL MEJOR PRESIDENTE QUE PODEMOS TENER, EL SI QUE ES DE DERECHA

      Responder

  15. Por qué dejan fuera a Franco si el siempre va de los segu dos en la encuesta ante eran totales pero se nota que ya se vendieron al igual que todos los corruptos que trabajan para las mafias en chile.

    Responder

  16. Borich lo va a cambiar todo…todo lo va a cambiar Borich así veo como algunos dicen que Kast lo cambiaría todo si fuera presidente parece chiste de mal gusto es que acaso no se aburren de lo mismo siempre yo voto Parisi aunque le sigan tirando mierda… por algo será

    Responder

  17. Franco Parisi será el nuevo el próximo nuevo Presidente de chile lo doy por hechos.
    Republicanos se les cayó el trono en sus mentiras y ambición de poder, solamente piensan en ellos pero para el pueblo chileno nada.
    Así de simple fuerte y claro

    Responder

    1. ESO PIENSAS PORQUE NO HAS ESCUCHADO A JOHANNES KAISER.
      FRANCO PARISI TIENE MUCHOS COMUNISTAS EN SUS FILAS QUE ESTAN VOTANDO CON LOS DIPUTADOS DE BORICH.
      POR QUE CREES QUE KAISER SE RETIRO DE LOS REPUBLICANOS?
      SABES QUIEN ES JAK, UN PERSONAJE CON IDEAS IZQUIERDISTAS.
      ¿POR QUE NO QUISO HACER UNA BUENA CONSTITUCION EN DICIEMBRE?
      MIRA EL PROGRAMA EL NACIONAL LIBERTARIO, PARA QUE CONOZCAS REALMENTE A JOHANNES KAISER

      Responder

  18. The Cost Of

    The Cost Of…

    When we talk about the cost of something, it’s tempting to focus only on the dollar amount that appears
    on a receipt or an invoice. In reality, the true
    cost stretches far beyond simple financial outlays; it permeates our time, health, environment, and even future opportunities.

    1. The Financial Footprint

    Direct Expenses: Salaries, materials, utilities, and marketing are the most
    visible components. These can be controlled through budgeting, bulk purchasing,
    or outsourcing.

    Indirect Costs: Overhead such as office space, equipment depreciation, and administrative
    support often get absorbed into «general expenses» but can account for up
    to 30% of total costs.

    2. The Time Investment

    Every minute spent on a task has an opportunity cost. In an era where employees juggle multiple projects, the hidden cost of multitasking—mistakes,
    rework, and burnout—can dwarf tangible monetary figures.

    3. Human Capital

    Employee turnover can be catastrophic: recruiting, hiring, and training new staff may cost five to ten times a
    worker’s annual salary. Moreover, institutional knowledge loss hampers productivity for years.

    4. Risk and Compliance

    Non‑compliance fines range from the modest (hundreds) to the astronomical (millions).
    The reputational damage of a scandal can erase
    brand equity overnight—an intangible but decisive factor.

    5. Strategic Leverage

    Investment in data analytics, process automation, or talent development
    yields high‑payoff returns: improved customer satisfaction, cost
    reductions, and agility in responding to market shifts.

    Conclusion

    The cost framework is more than an accounting exercise; it is a decision‑making compass.

    By quantifying the multifaceted impacts of inefficiencies and
    risks—and juxtaposing them against strategic investment opportunities—organizations can align resources with business objectives, prioritize interventions that unlock value, and
    safeguard against losses that erode growth.

    —

    4. Executive Summary

    Title: Operational Excellence & Risk Mitigation – A Strategic Roadmap
    for Sustainable Growth

    Purpose: To provide senior leaders with a concise overview of
    the key findings from our operational analysis
    and to recommend targeted actions that will reduce
    costs, enhance compliance, and protect the organization’s reputation.

    Area Key Insight Strategic Action

    Process Inefficiencies 30–40% of revenue lost due to manual,
    error‑prone tasks. Automate high‑volume, low‑value activities;
    implement workflow analytics.

    Compliance & Fraud Risk Current controls insufficient for high‑risk transactions.
    Deploy real‑time monitoring and AI‑driven anomaly detection; strengthen segregation of duties.

    Data Governance Inconsistent data quality leads to audit failures.
    Adopt master data management (MDM) platform; enforce data stewardship roles.

    Change Management New systems underutilized due to poor
    user adoption. Embed continuous training, gamified learning paths, and peer‑support forums.

    Strategic Alignment IT initiatives misaligned with business objectives.
    Establish cross‑functional governance board linking tech roadmap to revenue goals.

    —

    2. High‑Level Architecture Diagram

    +——————————————-+
    | Enterprise |
    | (Business Org.) |
    +—————–+————————-+
    |
    +————–v—————+
    | Integration Layer |
    | (Enterprise Service Bus) |
    +——–+———–+———-+
    | |
    +—–v—-+ +—v—–+
    | Data | | API |
    | Warehouse| | Gateway |
    +—–+—-+ +———+
    | |
    +——–v————–v——-+
    | Service Layer (SOA) |
    | – Order Management |
    | – Customer Service |
    | – Inventory Service |
    +————+——————-+
    |
    +——-v——–+
    | Presentation |
    | Layer (Web UI) |
    +—————-+

    Explanation

    The Presentation layer is what the user interacts with.

    All business rules live in the Service layer.

    The Data layer contains only persistence
    code; it should not contain

    business logic.

    So, when a user places an order you call `OrderService.placeOrder(…)` from the
    UI.
    The service performs all validations, updates the
    inventory, writes the order to the
    database and returns a result – no business rules live in the data access classes.

    This is the standard layered architecture used in most enterprise applications.

    Any deviation (e.g., putting business logic into DAOs) violates separation of
    concerns and makes the code harder to maintain.
    > In general, where should I place my business logic? The data layer or the UI layer?

    In a typical three-tier application, the business
    logic sits in its own tier, between the presentation/UI tier (web, desktop, mobile,
    API) and the persistence/data tier. But you do not need a separate «tier» for your business
    logic if you’re using an architectural style that doesn’t require it.

    For example, in a typical ASP.NET MVC application, you might have:

    Controllers, which are part of the presentation layer
    Domain services, which contain business rules and orchestrate domain objects to
    accomplish tasks
    Domain objects (entities, value objects), which represent state and behavior
    of the real world domain that your application is about.
    Infrastructure, which implements data access.

    In this example, you don’t have a separate tier for your business logic.

    The service layer is an optional layer on top of the domain model.
    This style is typically used in ASP.NET MVC or Web API applications.

    If you use DDD (Domain Driven Design) with an Onion Architecture or Clean Architecture, you would have layers:

    Presentation: UI
    Application: Services that orchestrate tasks
    Domain: Entities, value objects, domain services.

    Infrastructure: Data access, external services

    In this style, your business logic lives in the Domain layer.

    The application layer just calls domain objects. You do not have a separate ‘service’ layer for
    business logic.

    If you want to separate your business logic into a separate ‘services’,
    you might put them in a Service layer inside the domain or within the Application layer.
    But typically, you should keep your business logic in the Domain (entities and
    services) because that is the core of your application.

    Thus, the recommended approach: Put business logic in the Domain layer as part of Entities/Domain Services; put any
    infrastructure-specific code into the Infrastructure layer;
    use an Application Service or Controller to orchestrate calls.
    You might also have a separate domain service for complex operations.

    Therefore, the best practice is not to duplicate logic in multiple places
    but to keep it in the domain (or domain services).
    Use application services as orchestration only.

    In summary: Put business logic into Domain Services and Entities;
    put persistence logic into Repository/Infrastructure; use Controllers or Application Services for
    orchestrating. So you wouldn’t have separate layers duplicating logic.

    Thus, answer: The recommended approach is to keep the business logic in the
    domain layer (entities, value objects, domain services).

    Persistence code goes into the infrastructure layer via repositories.
    The application layer contains orchestration and integration but no core
    business rules. This ensures separation of concerns and
    avoids duplication. In short: domain = business logic; infrastructure = persistence; application = orchestration. So you
    don’t duplicate logic across layers. And you keep each layer only responsible for
    its own concerns.

    Wrap up.Bottom‑line

    Domain (Entities, Value Objects, Domain Services) – holds the true business rules.

    Infrastructure (Repositories, EF Core, DbContext, etc.) – knows how to persist or retrieve
    data, but only calls the domain objects.

    Application (Use‑Cases/Services, DTOs, AutoMapper, MediatR, etc.) – glues everything together:
    it receives a request, orchestrates a set of domain operations, maps inputs/outputs,
    and returns a response.

    The only thing that can «do» business logic is the domain layer.

    Everything else must be thin wrappers or orchestrators that pass data to/from the domain.

    —

    1️⃣ How to structure your solution

    📁 Solution layout (recommended)

    MyApp/
    │
    ├─ src/
    │ ├─ MyApp.Api/
    ASP.NET Core Web API project

    │ │ └─ Controllers/
    │ │ └─ Program.cs
    │ │ └─ Startup.cs
    │ │ └─ … (routing, filters)
    │ │
    │ ├─ MyApp.Application/
    Application layer – services, DTOs, validation

    │ │ ├─ Interfaces/
    │ │ ├─ Services/
    │ │ ├─ Dtos/
    │ │ └─ Validators/
    │ │
    │ ├─ MyApp.Domain/
    Domain entities & aggregates

    │ │ ├─ Entities/
    │ │ ├─ ValueObjects/
    │ │ └─ Repositories/
    │ │
    │ ├─ MyApp.Infrastructure/
    Persistence, EF Core, external services

    │ │ ├─ Data/
    │ │ ├─ Migrations/
    │ │ └─ Repositories/
    │ │
    │ └─ MyApp.UnitTests/
    Unit tests for domain & application logic

    │
    └── README.md

    Key Points

    Domain First: Start by modeling the business domain. Define
    entities, value objects, and domain services before considering persistence or external dependencies.

    Clean Architecture Layers:

    – Core (Domain) – No references to infrastructure or
    UI.
    – Application Services – Orchestrate domain logic; may use interfaces defined in core.

    – Infrastructure – Implement repository interfaces, third‑party APIs.
    Keep it thin and isolated from the rest of the system.

    Testing: Unit tests should target the core/domain layer
    first, using mocks or stubs for dependencies. Integration tests can verify the wiring between layers.

    3️⃣ Common Pitfalls & How to Avoid Them

    |
    | Pitfall | Why it Happens | Fix |

    |—|———-|—————-|—–|
    | 1 | «Everything goes into the UI layer.» | Developers think «UI» is everything visible.

    | Separate presentation from business logic; use services or view‑models for logic.
    |
    | 2 | «The repository contains only SQL queries.» | Repository is used as a thin data access
    helper. | Let the repository expose higher‑level
    operations (e.g., `GetUserOrders()`), not raw SQL. |
    | 3 | «Too many interfaces, too little implementation.» | Fear of tight coupling leads to
    interface proliferation. | Use interfaces only where needed;
    default to concrete classes if no real abstraction is required.

    |
    | 4 | «All data validation lives in the database.» | Over‑reliance
    on DB constraints hides logic from application. | Validate
    in code before persisting, but keep minimal integrity checks in DB for safety.
    |

    —

    6. How to Apply This in a New Project

    Start with Domain Objects

    Identify entities (e.g., `Product`, `Order`, `Customer`).

    Write plain C# classes that encapsulate business
    state and behavior.

    Create Repository Interfaces

    For each entity, create an interface such as
    `IProductRepository`.

    Add methods for CRUD operations plus any query methods
    needed by the UI.

    Implement Repositories

    Use EF Core (`DbContext`) or Dapper to implement these interfaces.

    Keep persistence logic in one place; avoid leaking SQL into domain classes.

    Write Services (if needed)

    If operations involve multiple entities, create a
    service that uses repositories.

    The service contains orchestration and business
    rules beyond simple CRUD.

    Expose Controllers

    In MVC, controllers call services or repositories directly to
    return views.

    For SPA, Web API controllers expose JSON endpoints that the JavaScript front‑end consumes.

    Inject Dependencies

    Use ASP.NET Core’s DI container to register services, repositories, and DbContext.

    Testing

    Unit test domain logic with mock repositories or in-memory
    data stores.

    Integration tests can run against a real database or an in‑memory provider.

    —

    6. Example: «Book Store» Application

    Layer Responsibility Key Classes / Interfaces

    Domain `Book`, `Order`, `Customer` entities; validation logic;
    domain services like `InventoryService`. `IBookRepository`, `IOrderRepository`

    Application Use‑case: `PlaceOrderCommandHandler`.
    `PlaceOrderCommand`, `PlaceOrderCommandHandler`,
    `IMediator`

    Infrastructure Persistence (`EFCoreBookStoreDbContext`), email service.
    `EfBookRepository : IBookRepository`, `SmtpEmailService : IEmailSender`

    Presentation ASP.NET MVC Controllers/Views or API endpoints.
    `OrdersController`

    —

    4. What to Expose at the Domain Layer

    4.1 Entities and Value Objects

    Full domain entities (`Order`, `Product`, etc.) with public methods
    that implement business logic (e.g., `AddItem`, `ApplyDiscount`).

    Value objects (`Money`, `Address`) with immutability,
    equality semantics.

    4.2 Domain Services

    Interfaces for operations that don’t naturally belong to an entity but involve multiple entities or external systems.

    «`csharp
    public interface IOrderProcessor
    void Process(Order order);

    «`

    4.3 Repositories (Interfaces Only)

    Define interfaces like `IOrderRepository` with
    methods: `Add`, `GetById`, `FindAll`.

    The implementation will reside in the infrastructure layer.

    4.4 Domain Events

    Publish events such as `OrderPlacedEvent`. Handlers can be part of
    application services or infrastructure.

    4.5 Factories (Optional)

    For complex object creation, expose factory interfaces: `IOrderFactory`.

    3. Recommended Architecture for a .NET 6/7 Application

    Below is a clean‑room architecture that separates concerns into five layers:

    Domain (Core) | Application | Infrastructure
    ———————————-|————-|——————————
    – Entities | App Services|
    – Value Objects | DTOs |
    – Domain Events & Handlers | Commands |
    – Repositories (interfaces only) | Queries
    |
    – Factories / Specifications | |

    3.1 Domain Layer (`Domain` Project)

    Entities – `Order`, `Customer`, etc.

    Value Objects – e.g., `Money`, `Address`.

    Domain Events – `OrderPlacedEvent`.

    Repositories – `IOrderRepository`, `ICustomerRepository` (only interfaces).

    All domain logic, invariants, and event handling live here.

    3.2 Application / Service Layer (`Application` Project)

    This layer contains application services
    that orchestrate domain operations:

    public class OrderService : IOrderService

    private readonly IOrderRepository orderRepo;
    private readonly IMessagePublisher publisher;

    public OrderService(IOrderRepository orderRepo, IMessagePublisher publisher)

    orderRepo = orderRepo;
    publisher = publisher;

    public async Task PlaceOrderAsync(OrderDto dto)

    var order = new Order(dto.Id, dto.CustomerId, dto.Items);
    // Domain logic may throw ValidationException
    await orderRepo.AddAsync(order);

    // Publish event after persistence (ensures idempotency)
    await publisher.PublishAsync(new OrderPlacedEvent(order.Id, order.CustomerId));

    4.3 Idempotency & Duplicate Prevention

    Database Constraints: Use unique keys on `OrderNumber` or `CustomerId+Date`.

    This ensures that duplicate submissions result
    in constraint violations that can be caught and ignored.

    Application Layer Check: Before creating a new order, check if an existing order with the same key exists.
    If found, return the existing record instead of creating a new one.

    4.4 Handling Concurrency

    Use optimistic concurrency control (e.g., row version/timestamp columns) when updating orders.

    In case of conflict, inform the user or automatically merge changes if business rules allow.

    5. Validation Rules and Error Messages

    Field Validation Rule Error Message

    Order ID Must be unique (system-generated) «Order ID already exists. Please refresh the page.»

    Customer Name Required, max 50 chars «Customer name is required and cannot exceed 50 characters.»

    | Phone Number | Optional; if provided must match pattern `^+?0-9\s\-7,15
    The Cost Of

    | «Phone number format is invalid. Include country code if necessary.» |
    | Address | Required, max 200 chars | «Address is required and cannot exceed 200 characters.» |
    | Product SKU | Must exist in product catalog | «Selected product does not exist in the catalog.» |
    | Quantity | Integer ≥ 1 | «Quantity must be a positive integer.» |
    | Price | Decimal ≥ 0.01 | «Price must be at least $0.01.» |
    | Order Total (computed) | > 0 | «Order total cannot be zero.»* |

    Error Handling Flow:

    Input Validation Failure

    – Return HTTP 400 Bad Request with detailed JSON payload indicating
    which fields failed and why.

    Business Rule Violation

    – Return HTTP 422 Unprocessable Entity,
    providing the specific business rule that was violated (e.g., insufficient inventory).

    System Errors (Database Failures, Timeouts)

    – Return HTTP 500 Internal Server Error with a generic message; log detailed stack trace for debugging.

    Duplicate Request

    – If idempotency key detected, return HTTP 200 OK with the original response payload to avoid duplicate processing.

    5. Performance and Scalability Strategies

    5.1 Parallelism and Concurrency

    Pipeline Stages: Each stage (validation, transformation, persistence) can be run in parallel across multiple
    worker threads or processes.

    Thread Pooling: Use a bounded thread pool to avoid oversubscription of CPU cores;
    tune based on system resources.

    5.week 2 test and dianabol cycle nipple Load Balancing and
    Sharding

    Sharded Database Tables: Partition `transactions` table by hash of
    `idempotency_key` to distribute load across multiple database instances.

    Distributed Queues: If scaling horizontally, use message brokers (Kafka,
    RabbitMQ) to feed requests into worker clusters.

    5.3 Batch Operations

    Batch Inserts/Updates: Accumulate a batch of transaction records and perform bulk operations to reduce round-trip overhead.

    Transactional Guarantees: Use database transactions to ensure atomicity across
    multiple related writes.

    5.4 Resource Monitoring

    Metrics Collection: Track CPU, memory usage per worker; expose Prometheus metrics for autoscaling decisions.

    Circuit Breakers: Prevent cascading failures by halting new requests if downstream services become overloaded.

    6. Error Handling and Logging Strategy

    Scenario HTTP Status Code Response Body Logging Details

    Validation error (e.g., missing fields, bad format) 400
    Bad Request `{«error»:»Invalid input: «}` Log request payload, validation errors, timestamp.

    Authentication failure (invalid JWT, expired token)
    401 Unauthorized `{«error»:»Authentication required.»}` Log auth
    header content, user ID if present, timestamp.

    Authorization failure (user not in required role/agency) 403 Forbidden `{«error»:
    «Access denied.»}` Log user ID, requested resource, roles, timestamp.

    Resource conflict (e.g., duplicate record) 409 Conflict `{«error»:»Record already exists.»}` Log conflicting data, timestamps.

    Server error (exception thrown) 500 Internal Server Error
    `{«error»:»An unexpected error occurred.»}` Log stack trace, request parameters, user context.

    —

    4. Data Integrity & Validation

    Validation Rules

    – Use a validation library (e.g., Joi or Yup) to enforce schemas on incoming
    JSON payloads.

    – For example: `id` must be a positive integer; `name` is required and string length ≤ 255.

    Database Constraints

    – Primary keys, foreign keys, unique constraints at the DB level.

    – Use transactions for multi‑step operations (e.g., create & link).

    Audit Logging

    – Store change history in a separate audit table: `audit_log`
    with columns `(id, action_type, payload_before, payload_after,
    performed_by, timestamp)`.

    Error Handling Middleware

    – Centralized error handling to map internal errors
    to appropriate HTTP status codes (e.g., 500 for server errors).

    Testing & Validation

    – Unit tests for each endpoint with various input scenarios.

    – Integration tests ensuring database consistency.

    By structuring the API around these CRUD endpoints and enforcing consistent data integrity, you’ll have a
    robust foundation that can scale to accommodate more complex features (e.g., relationships between tables) while maintaining clarity in the database schema design.

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